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In vehicle dynamics, slip angle [1] or sideslip angle [2] is the angle between the direction in which a wheel is pointing and the direction in which it is actually traveling (i.e., the angle between the forward velocity vector and the vector sum of wheel forward velocity and lateral velocity , as defined in the image to the right).
In (automotive) vehicle dynamics, slip is the relative motion between a tire and the road surface it is moving on. This slip can be generated either by the tire's rotational speed being greater or less than the free-rolling speed (usually described as percent slip), or by the tire's plane of rotation being at an angle to its direction of motion (referred to as slip angle).
'Deflected' tread path, sideslip velocity and slip angle Graph of cornering force vs slip angle. Cornering force or side force is the lateral (i.e., parallel to wheel axis) force produced by a vehicle tire during cornering. [1] Cornering force is generated by tire slip and is proportional to slip angle at low slip angles. The rate at which ...
In the presence of a non-zero slip angle, this torque tends to steer the tire toward the direction in which it is traveling, hence its name. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The magnitude of this torque can be calculated as the product of the lateral force generated at the contact patch and the distance behind the wheel centre at which that force acts.
Side force due to side slip (in absence of yaw). Sideslip generates a sideforce from the fin and the fuselage. In addition, if the wing has dihedral, side slip at a positive roll angle increases incidence on the starboard wing and reduces it on the port side, resulting in a net force component directly opposite to the sideslip direction.
Circle of forces. The circle of forces, traction circle, friction circle, [1] or friction ellipse [2] [3] [4] is a useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicle's tire and the road surface. The diagram below shows the tire from above, so that the road surface lies in the xy-plane.
On bicycles and motorcycles, camber thrust contributes to the centripetal force necessary to cause the vehicle to deviate from a straight path, along with cornering force due to the slip angle, can be the largest contributor, [1] and in some cases is the sole contributor. [2]
The tire model must produce realistic shear forces during braking, acceleration, cornering, and combinations, on a range of surface conditions. Many models are in use. Most are semi-empirical, such as the Pacejka Magic Formula model. Racing car games or simulators are also a form of vehicle dynamics simulation. In early versions many ...