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Medieval, metal vessel fragments displaying possible soot stains (black color) and corroded patina Rust and dirt on metal as a result of corrosion and pollution. An essential cause of deterioration is corrosion of metal objects or object deterioration by interaction with the environment.
Rust is a commonly used metaphor for slow decay due to neglect, since it gradually converts robust iron and steel metal into a soft crumbling powder. A wide section of the industrialized American Midwest and American Northeast , once dominated by steel foundries , the automotive industry , and other manufacturers, has experienced harsh economic ...
Archaeologists have discovered fragments of an “exceptionally rare” Roman-era helmet in Denmark along with a hoard of weapons likely buried as a ritual offering. The 1,600-year-old weapon ...
Rust initially contains iron oxide/oxyhydroxides in their amorphous forms. Due to the initial corrosion of metal, there is more phosphorus at the metal–scale interface than in the bulk of the metal. Alternate environmental wetting and drying cycles provide the moisture for phosphoric-acid formation.
There were also fragmentary remains of feathers (possibly cushion stuffing or helmet plumes), wax writing tablets, and (almost uniquely in Roman Britain) fragments of papyrus. All of the organic components in the Hoard (including the box itself) had been preserved by mineralization brought about by the rusting of its iron and steel contents.
Spall are fragments of a material that are broken off a larger solid body. It can be produced by a variety of mechanisms, including as a result of projectile impact, corrosion , weathering , cavitation , or excessive rolling pressure (as in a ball bearing ).
Spallation is a process in which fragments of ... breaking off of the oxide layer from a metal. For example, the flaking off of rust from ... heavy metal. The target ...
Oxide jacking has caused concrete spalling on walls of the Herbst Pavilion at Fort Mason Center in San Francisco. The expansive force of rusting, which may be called oxide jacking or rust burst, is a phenomenon that can cause damage to structures made of stone, masonry, concrete or ceramics, and reinforced with metal components.