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Multiple sclerosis, for example, is typically associated with people of European descent, but due to admixture African Americans have elevated levels of the disorder relative to Africans. [82] Some diseases and physiological variables vary depending upon their admixture ratios. Examples include measures of insulin functioning [83] and obesity. [84]
Until 1940, Black physicians were marked with a stigmatizing "col." notation in the American Medical Directory, a list of physicians in the United States created by the American Medical Association. This practice contributed to exclusion from medical training programs, professional societies, and equitable insurance rates. [18]
Even when controlling for socioeconomic status, racial divides in health persist. For example, Black Americans with college degrees have worse health outcomes than White and Hispanic Americans who have high school diplomas. [24] Studies on heart disease mortality have found that gaps between Black and White Americans exist at every education level.
[3] [4] It is a fallacy of groupism and a process of racial dominance that has lasting harmful or damaging outcomes for racialized groups. [5] [6] An associated term is self-racialization, which refers to the practice by dominant groups to justify and defend their dominant status or to deny its existence. Individually, self-racialization may ...
To address the question of why some racial groups are disproportionately affected by COVID-19, the CDC compiled a list of factors linking a racial group to increased risk of COVID-19 exposure. [31] These factors are well-linked to the social determinants of health , the social contributors that influence heath outcomes for a particular group.
For example: You may have 10 men who are nurses out of 600 total people. The value for the occupation of male nurses should be 10/600, or .0166. Because it compares ratios of both groups, a score of 0 means that there is equal representation between the two groups, while a score of 1 demonstrates a high concentration of one group and unequal ...
White Americans, as the largest racial group in the United States, have historically had better health outcomes than oppressed racial groups in America. [1] However, in recent years, the scholarly discourse has switched from recognition of the immense positive health outcomes of white Americans towards understanding the growing persistence of negative outcomes unique to this racial group.
In other words, occupational segregation is an outcome of group-typing of employment between different groups but consumer discrimination does not cause wage differentials. Thus, customer discrimination theory fails to explain the combination of employment segregation and the wage differentials.