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In 1970, 320 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention which began to meet in 1971. On 23 September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos issued the formal declaration of martial law which led to the arrests of 11 conveners, alongside government critics and journalists, by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine Constabulary. [1]
The proclamation marked the onset [1] [2] of a 14-year period of authoritarian rule, which would include eight years of Martial Law (de jure ending on January 17, 1981, through Proclamation No. 2045), [3] [4] but not de facto : followed by six more years where Marcos retained essentially all of his powers as dictator. [5] [6]
At 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced on television that he had placed the Philippines under martial law, [1] [2] stating he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM).
The 1973 Philippine martial law referendum was a national referendum in which the citizens' assemblies voted for: The ratification of the 1973 Constitution The suspension of the convening of the Interim National Assembly provided in the transitory provisions of the 1973 Constitution
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
The power of authoritarianism rests in creating ambiguity in otherwise simple and collectively understood legal ideas, and then using that ambiguity to undermine the law’s original intent.
The Ratification Cases, officially titled as Javellana v.Executive Secretary (G.R. No. L-36142, March 31, 1973; 50 SCRA 30), was a 1973 Supreme Court of the Philippines case that allowed the 1973 Philippine Constitution to come into full force, which led to President Ferdinand Marcos staying in office and ruling by decree until he was ousted by the People Power Revolution in 1986.
Roberto Reyes Concepcion (June 7, 1903 – May 3, 1987) was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from June 17, 1966 until April 18, 1973. He is remembered in the history of the Philippine Supreme Court for protecting the independence of court, and for having fought decisions which would have legitimized the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos.