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In this work, al-Ash'ari reflected himself as opposed to the ultra-traditionalists, literalists or fundamentalists (probably some of those associated with the Hanbali school), [9] and described them as being ignorant, unable to rationalize or inquire into religious matters, and inclined to blind imitation of authority.
Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology . [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ( usul al-din ), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [ 3 ]
The Mutazilites, compelled to defend their principles against the orthodox Islamic faith, looked for support to the doctrines of philosophy, and thus founded a rational theology, which they designated "'Ilm-al-Kalam"; and those professing it were called Motekallamin. This appellation, originally designating the Mutazilites, soon became the ...
ʿIlm al-naskh: the study of abrogation (parts of the Qur'an which supersede or cancel other parts) ʿIlm al-tajwīd: rules for the proper recitation of the Qur'an ʿIlm al-qirāʾāt: on the various ways in which the Qur'an can be recited; ʿIlm ākhir al-zamān: Islamic eschatology (on the end times and the Day of Resurrection (yawm al-qiyāma))
Kalam cosmological argument, a cosmological argument for the existence of God rooted in the Ilm al-Kalam heritage; Jewish Kalam, an early medieval style of Jewish philosophy that evolved in response to the Islamic Kalam, which in turn was a reaction against Aristotelian philosophy
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The great Asharite scholar Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi wrote the work Al-Mutakallimin fi 'Ilm al-Kalam against the Mutazalites. In later times, Kalam was used to mean simply "theology", i.e. the duties of the heart as opposed to (or in conjunction with) fiqh (jurisprudence), the duties of the body. [9]
Tafsir bi'r-ra'y, or commonly known as tafsir bi-al-diraya, is the method of using one's independent rational reasoning and mind to form an opinion-oriented interpretation. The most distinctive feature of tafsir bi-al-diraya is the inclusion of the opinions of the commentator, thus forming the more objective view on Quranic verses. The relative ...