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The vinyl cation is a carbocation with the positive charge on an alkene carbon. Its empirical formula of the parent ion is C 2 H + 3.Vinyl cation are invoked as reactive intermediates in solvolysis of vinyl halides, [1] [2] as well as electrophilic addition to alkynes and allenes.
If the potential carbocation can not be stabilized, ether cleavage follows a bimolecular, concerted S N 2 mechanism. In the example, the ether oxygen is reversibly protonated. The halide ion (here bromide) then nucleophilically attacks the sterically less hindered carbon atom, thereby forming methyl bromide and 1-propanol.
A carbocation is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom. Among the simplest examples are the methenium CH + 3, methanium CH + 5, acylium ions RCO +, and vinyl C 2 H + 3 cations. [2] Until the early 1970s, carbocations were called carbonium ions. [3]
High-resolution audio (high-definition audio or HD audio) is a term for audio files with greater than 44.1 kHz sample rate or higher than 16-bit audio bit depth. It commonly refers to 96 or 192 kHz sample rates. However, 44.1 kHz/24-bit, 48 kHz/24-bit and 88.2 kHz/24-bit recordings also exist that are labeled HD audio.
When a disc began to wear, video and audio quality would severely decline, and the disc would begin to skip. [20] Several discs suffered from a condition called "video virus", where a CED would skip a great deal due to dust particles stuck in the grooves of the disc. However, playing the disc several times would generally solve this problem. [21]
This forms a carbocation intermediate, and the X then bonds to the positive carbon that is available, as in the following two-step reaction. [4] CH 2 CH 2 + HX → CH 2 CH + 3 + X − CH 2 CH + 3 + X − → CH 2 XCH 3. Similarly, in an H 2 O addition reaction, the pi bond of an alkene acts as a nucleophile and bonds with the proton of an [H 3 ...
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An audio format is a medium for sound recording and reproduction. The term is applied to both the physical recording media and the recording formats of the audio content —in computer science it is often limited to the audio file format , but its wider use usually refers to the physical method used to store the data.
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