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In computer programming, lazy initialization is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed.
The C programming language manages memory statically, automatically, or dynamically.Static-duration variables are allocated in main memory, usually along with the executable code of the program, and persist for the lifetime of the program; automatic-duration variables are allocated on the stack and come and go as functions are called and return.
A stale pointer bug, otherwise known as an aliasing bug, is a class of subtle programming errors that can arise in code that does dynamic memory allocation, especially via the malloc function or equivalent.
Used in FreeBSD's PHK malloc(3) for debugging when /etc/malloc.conf is symlinked to "-J" to initialize all newly allocated memory as this value is not a NULL pointer or ASCII NUL character. ABABABAB: Used by Microsoft's debug HeapAlloc() to mark "no man's land" guard bytes after allocated heap memory. [26] ABADBABE
The handlers log all memory allocations and frees to a file defined by the environment variable MALLOC_TRACE (if the variable is unset, describes an invalid filename, or describes a filename the user does not have permissions to, the handlers are not installed).
Some features of C++ that promote more type-safe code: The new operator returns a pointer of type based on operand, whereas malloc returns a void pointer. C++ code can use virtual functions and templates to achieve polymorphism without void pointers. Safer casting operators, such as dynamic cast that performs run-time type checking.
In object-oriented computer programming, a null object is an object with no referenced value or with defined neutral (null) behavior.The null object design pattern, which describes the uses of such objects and their behavior (or lack thereof), was first published as "Void Value" [1] and later in the Pattern Languages of Program Design book series as "Null Object".
A null pointer has a value reserved for indicating that the pointer does not refer to a valid object. Null pointers are routinely used to represent conditions such as the end of a list of unknown length or the failure to perform some action; this use of null pointers can be compared to nullable types and to the Nothing value in an option type.