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A bulla (or clay envelope) and its contents on display at the Louvre. Uruk period (4000–3100 BC).. A bulla (Medieval Latin for "a round seal", from Classical Latin bulla, "bubble, blob"; plural bullae) is an inscribed clay, soft metal (lead or tin), bitumen, or wax token used in commercial and legal documentation as a form of authentication and for tamper-proofing whatever is attached to it ...
Before the age of manhood, Roman boys wore a bulla, a neckchain and round pouch containing protective amulets (usually phallic symbols), and the bulla of an upper-class boy would be made of gold. [1] Other materials included leather and cloth. A freeborn Roman boy wore a bulla until he came of age as a Roman citizen. Before he put on his toga ...
Popularly, the name is used for any papal document that contains a metal seal. Today, the bull is the only written communication in which the pope will refer to himself as "Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei" ("Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God"). [3] While papal bulls always used to bear a metal seal, they now do so only on the most solemn ...
Clay bulla impressed with the seal of Barnamtarra, wife of Lugalanda, ensi (ruler) of Lagash. Early Dynastic III, c. 2400 BC. Found in Telloh (ancient Girsu). Two main types of seals were used in the Ancient Near East, the stamp seal and the cylinder seal.
The Shropshire bulla is an example of "reversible fashion"; the front and back are alike in design, either side can be selected to be the presenting face. Bullae were probably highly prized adornments, worn as clothing accessories to display the wearer's high status and wealth.
The seal was discovered in 1904, in an excavation dump. The layers in which it was found were dated to the eighth century BCE. [5] [6] Schumacher sent the original seal to Istanbul, but it was never returned. [7] In 1966 Gottlieb's daughter gave a testimonial that her father told her that the seal was placed in Abdul Hamid II tomb. [8]
This is an incomplete list of papal bulls, listed by the year in which each was issued. The decrees of some papal bulls were often tied to the circumstances of time and place, and may have been adjusted, attenuated, or abrogated by subsequent popes as situations changed.
The place of discovery of this seal is unknown, and it is currently part of Shlomo Moussaieff's private collection. The seal contains an ancient Hebrew inscription mentioning the name of Ahaz of Judah, as well as the name of his father, Jotham (Jotham), identifying Ahaz as the "king of Judah". The bulla contains a fingerprint which may belong ...