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Examples of distributed memory (multiple computers) include MPP (massively parallel processors), COW (clusters of workstations) and NUMA (non-uniform memory access). The former is complex and expensive: Many super-computers coupled by broad-band networks. Examples include hypercube and mesh interconnections.
The Concurrency Representation Theorem in the actor model provides a fairly general way to represent concurrent systems that are closed in the sense that they do not receive communications from outside. (Other concurrency systems, e.g., process calculi can be modeled in the actor model using a two-phase commit protocol. [13])
Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program.
In computing, a parallel programming model is an abstraction of parallel computer architecture, with which it is convenient to express algorithms and their composition in programs. The value of a programming model can be judged on its generality : how well a range of different problems can be expressed for a variety of different architectures ...
Multimodal human-computer interaction involves natural communication with virtual and physical environments. It facilitates free and natural communication between users and automated systems, allowing flexible input (speech, handwriting, gestures) and output (speech synthesis, graphics). Multimodal fusion combines inputs from different ...
A discrete-event simulation (DES) models the operation of a system as a sequence of events in time. Each event occurs at a particular instant in time and marks a change of state in the system. [ 1 ] Between consecutive events, no change in the system is assumed to occur; thus the simulation time can directly jump to the occurrence time of the ...
Lock (computer science) – Synchronization mechanism for enforcing limits on access to a resource; Mutual exclusion – In computing, restricting data to be accessible by one thread at a time; Search engine indexing – Method for data management; Semaphore (programming) – Variable used in a concurrent system
This problem (called a race condition) can be avoided by using the requirement of mutual exclusion to ensure that simultaneous updates to the same part of the list cannot occur. The term mutual exclusion is also used in reference to the simultaneous writing of a memory address by one thread while the aforementioned memory address is being ...