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  2. Manichaeism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism

    Thus, Manichaeism became widespread and flourished throughout the Sasanian Empire for thirty years. An apologia for Manichaeism ascribed to ibn al-Muqaffa' defended its phantasmagorical cosmogony and attacked the fideism of Islam and other monotheistic religions. The Manichaeans had sufficient structure to have a head of their community.

  3. Zandaqa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandaqa

    Zandaqa is usually translated as "heresy" and is often used to underscore the seriousness of the religious views of the accused individual, and the rejection of such views by Islamic orthodoxy. [3] It originally referred to the adherents of Manichaeism , [ 3 ] but then came to be applied to those who were accused of having heretical beliefs and ...

  4. Manichaean schisms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaean_schisms

    Although Manichaeism has historically been a fairly unified religion, it has had some schisms over its history. [1] These schisms occurred from the sixth century AD until at least the 10th century AD. In the sixth century, there was a schism among Manichaeans between the Denawars and the see of Babylon, in response to persecution in Mesopotamia ...

  5. Criticism of Islam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam

    The Christian apologist G. K. Chesterton criticized Islam as a heresy or parody of Christianity, [39] [40] David Hume (d. 1776 ), both a naturalist and a sceptic , [ 41 ] considered monotheistic religions to be more "comfortable to sound reason" than polytheism but also found Islam to be more "ruthless" than Christianity.

  6. Timeline of the history of Islam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of...

    This timeline of Islamic history relates the Gregorian and Islamic calendars in the history of Islam. This timeline starts with the lifetime of Muhammad, which is believed by non-Muslims to be when Islam started, [ 1 ] though not by Muslims .

  7. Manichaean scripture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaean_scripture

    Manichaean scripture includes nine main books: the Seven Treatises of Manichaeism, all personally written by Mani in Syriac, the Shabuhragan written by Mani in Middle Persian, and the Arzhang, a series of illustrations painted by Mani. The Kephalaia are not scriptural but rather a secondary literature on Manichaeism commenting on the scripture ...

  8. Heresiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresiology

    In theology or the history of religion, heresiology is the study of heresy, and heresiographies are writings about the topic. Heresiographical works were common in both medieval Christianity and Islam. Heresiology developed as a part of the emerging definition of Christian orthodoxy.

  9. Category:Manichaeism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Manichaeism

    Manichaeism is a religion that was founded by the Iranian prophet Mani c. 216–276 AD) in the Sasanian Empire. Subcategories. This category has the following 7 ...