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Different types of noise are generated by different devices and different processes. Thermal noise is unavoidable at non-zero temperature (see fluctuation-dissipation theorem), while other types depend mostly on device type (such as shot noise, [1] [3] which needs a steep potential barrier) or manufacturing quality and semiconductor defects, such as conductance fluctuations, including 1/f noise.
Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise, Johnson noise, or Nyquist noise) is the electronic noise generated by the thermal agitation of the charge carriers (usually the electrons) inside an electrical conductor at equilibrium, which happens regardless of any applied voltage.
Further examples of non-linear loads include common office equipment such as computers and printers, fluorescent lighting, battery chargers and also variable-speed drives. Electric motors do not normally contribute significantly to harmonic generation. Both motors and transformers will however create harmonics when they are over-fluxed or ...
The noise factor (a linear term) is more often expressed as the noise figure (in decibels) using the conversion: = The noise figure can also be seen as the decrease in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by passing a signal through a system if the original signal had a noise temperature of 290 K. This is a common way of expressing the noise ...
The noise power at the output of the amplifier chain consists of four parts: The amplified noise of the source The output referred noise of the first amplifier amplified by the second and third amplifier ()
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Multistate noise looks somewhat like flicker ( ) noise. The effect is process dependent, but it can be minimized. Diodes may also be selected for low multistate noise. [10] A commercial example of an avalanche diode noise generator is the Agilent 346C that covers 10 MHz to 26.5 GHz. [11]
Bioelectrogenesis — The generation of electricity by living organisms. Capacitive coupling — Transfer of energy within an electrical network or between distant networks by means of displacement current. Contact electrification — The phenomenon of electrification by contact. When two objects were touched together, sometimes the objects ...