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In electronic logic circuits, a pull-up resistor (PU) or pull-down resistor (PD) is a resistor used to ensure a known state for a signal. [1] It is typically used in combination with components such as switches and transistors , which physically interrupt the connection of subsequent components to ground or to V CC .
Later, card readers that read cards serially, column by column became more common. Card punches necessarily run more slowly to allow for the mechanical action of punching, up to around 300 CPM or 400 characters per second. [5] Some card devices offer the ability to interpret, or print a line on the card displaying the data that is punched ...
Punched cards were once common in data processing and the control of automated machines. Punched cards were widely used in the 20th century, where unit record machines, organized into data processing systems, used punched cards for data input, output, and storage. [3] [4] The IBM 12-row/80-column punched card format came to dominate the industry.
−20%, or for components with uncritical values such as pull-up resistors. The calculated constant tangential tolerance for this series gives (3 √ 10 − 1) ÷ (3 √ 10 + 1) = 36.60%, approximately. While the standard only specifies a tolerance greater than 20%, other sources indicate 40% or 50%.
Pull-up resistors are provided by the I3C controller. External pull-up resistors are no longer needed. Clock Stretching – devices are expected to be fast enough to operate at bus speed. The I3C controller is the sole clock source. I²C Extended (10-bit) Addresses. All devices on an I3C bus are addressed by a 7-bit address.
The factors could be up to eight decimal digits long. [1] The 601 was introduced in 1931 and was the first IBM machine that could do multiplication. [2] [3] In 1936 W. J. Eckert connected a modified 601 to a 285 tabulator and an 016 duplicating punch through a custom switch he designed and used the combined setup to perform scientific ...
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