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Figure 1.0 - Basic anatomical features of the human eye. Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes, most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye. [1]
It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the fetus. [5] Tropicamide is in the antimuscarinic part of the anticholinergic family of medications. [3] It works by making the muscles within the eye unable to respond to nerve signals. [3] Tropicamide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1960. [3]
Common side effects of the eye drops include irritation of the eye, increased tearing, headache, and blurry vision. [1] Other side effects include allergic reactions and retinal detachment. [1] Use is generally not recommended during pregnancy. [10] Pilocarpine is in the miotics family of medication. [11]
Ketotifen is an antihistamine medication and a mast cell stabilizer used to treat allergic conditions such as conjunctivitis, asthma, and urticaria (hives).Ketotifen is available in ophthalmic (eye drops or drug-eluting contact lenses) and oral (tablets or syrup) forms: the ophthalmic form relieves eye itchiness and irritation associated with seasonal allergies, while the oral form helps ...
It can be given during eye surgery to help with pain, [18] and is effective in treating ocular itching. [19] There is not enough evidence to decide that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs help in preventing cystoid macular edema. [20] [21] Ketorolac eye drops have also been used to manage pain from corneal abrasions. [22]
Topical ocular administration. Intraocular, into the eye, e.g., some medications for glaucoma or eye neoplasms. Intraosseous infusion (into the bone marrow) is, in effect, an indirect intravenous access because the bone marrow drains directly into the venous system. This route is occasionally used for drugs and fluids in emergency medicine and ...
Brimonidine is an α 2 agonist medication used to treat open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and rosacea. [4] [5] In rosacea it improves the redness. [5] It is used as eye drops or applied to the skin. [4] [5] It is also available in the fixed-dose combination medication brimonidine/timolol along with timolol maleate. [6]
Several drugs in this class, including moxifloxacin, are not licensed by the Food and Drug Administration for use in children, because of the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system. [22] [23] [24] Moxifloxacin eye drops are approved for conjunctival infections caused by susceptible bacteria. [25]