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Although independent of the resistor's value, 100% of the kTC noise arises in the resistor. Therefore, it would incorrect to double-count both a resistor's thermal noise and its associated kTC noise, [ 7 ] and the temperature of the resistor alone should be used, even if the resistor and the capacitor are at different temperatures.
Interference with the meaning of electromagnetic interference, also radio-frequency interference (EMI or RFI) is – according to Article 1.166 of the International Telecommunication Union ' s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) [8] – defined as "The effect of unwanted energy due to one or a combination of emissions, radiations, or inductions upon ...
Mains hum, electric hum, cycle hum, or power line hum is a sound associated with alternating current which is twice the frequency of the mains electricity.The fundamental frequency of this sound is usually double that of fundamental 50/60 Hz, i.e., 100/120 Hz, depending on the local power-line frequency.
Different types of noise are generated by different devices and different processes. Thermal noise is unavoidable at non-zero temperature (see fluctuation-dissipation theorem), while other types depend mostly on device type (such as shot noise, [1] [3] which needs a steep potential barrier) or manufacturing quality and semiconductor defects, such as conductance fluctuations, including 1/f noise.
For static or slowly varying magnetic fields (below about 100 kHz) the Faraday shielding described above is ineffective. In these cases shields made of high magnetic permeability metal alloys can be used, such as sheets of permalloy and mu-metal [9] [10] or with nanocrystalline grain structure ferromagnetic metal coatings. [11]
Triboelectric noise within medical cable assemblies and lead wires is generated when the conductors, insulation, and fillers rub against each other as the cables are flexed during movement. Keeping triboelectric noise at acceptable levels requires careful material selection, design, and processing. [ 150 ]
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The torsional deflection of a simple cylinder cannot radiate efficiently acoustic noise, but with particular boundary conditions the stator can radiate acoustic noise under torque ripple excitation. [8] Structure-borne noise can also be generated by torque ripple when rotor shaft line vibrations propagate to the frame [9] and shaft line.