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The virus is transmitted to people and horses by bites from infected mosquitoes (Culex tarsalis and Aedes taeniorhynchus) and birds during wet, summer months. [3] [4] According to the CDC, geographic occurrence for this virus is worldwide, and tends to be more prevalent in places in and around swampy areas where human populations tend to be ...
A tick bite does not automatically transfer diseases to the host. Instead, the tick must be attached to the host for a period of time, generally 6–8 hours [9] but sometimes as little as 3–6 hours, [10] before it is capable of transferring disease. The earlier the tick is removed from a host, the less likely it is to contract the illness.
African horse sickness is related to bluetongue and is spread by the same midges (Culicoides species). It can kill the horses it infects and mortality may go as high as 90% of the infected horses during an epidemic. [58] Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus is closely related and crossreacts with Bluetongue virus on many blood tests.
This hard tick, commonly known as a deer tick, is also the vector for other tick-associated illnesses, such as Lyme disease. Many species of Babesia only infect nonhuman mammalian hosts, most commonly cattle, horses, and sheep. B. microti and B. divergens are the two main pathogenic species in humans.
Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease affecting ruminants, dogs, and horses, [1] and is caused by Anaplasma bacteria. Anaplasmosis is an infectious but not contagious disease. Anaplasmosis can be transmitted through mechanical and biological vector processes.
Glanders was a significant problem for civilian use of horses, as well. In the 18th-century veterinary hospital at the École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort , glanders was the most common disease among their equine patients and the one most likely to cause death.
These ticks, commonly known as cattle ticks or blue ticks, have a highly characteristic morphology and one-host lifecycle. They have high specificity for cattle as hosts and their morphological characteristics used for identification are less distinct than those of three-host rhipicephalids such as R. appendiculatus .
It was shown to be distinct from virus strains isolated from horses in California, now known as Western equine encephalitis virus. [2] [14] [16] Madariaga virus was first identified in 1936 from a horse in Argentina. [14] The first human cases were identified in 1938 in Massachusetts, during an outbreak with 38 human cases and 248 horse cases.