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CD11c, also known as Integrin, alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit) (ITGAX), is a gene that encodes for CD11c . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] CD11c is an integrin alpha X chain protein.
A knockout mouse (left) that is a model for obesity, compared with a normal mouse. There are several thousand different strains of knockout mice. [3] Many mouse models are named after the gene that has been inactivated.
[2] [3] Many of the targeted alleles are designed so that they can generate both complete and conditional gene knockout mice. [3] [4] The IKMC was initiated on March 15, 2007, at a meeting in Brussels. By 2011, Nature reported that approximately 17,000 different genes have already been disabled by the consortium, "leaving only around 3,000 more ...
Gene knock-in originated as a slight modification of the original knockout technique developed by Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies, and Mario Capecchi.Traditionally, knock-in techniques have relied on homologous recombination to drive targeted gene replacement, although other methods using a transposon-mediated system to insert the target gene have been developed. [3]
[23] [24] However it took another eight years before transgenic mice were developed that passed the transgene to their offspring. [25] [26] Genetically modified mice were created in 1984 that carried cloned oncogenes, predisposing them to developing cancer. [27] Mice with genes knocked out (knockout mouse) were created in 1989.
In addition, it has been used to engineer stably modified human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSCs) clones and human erythroid cell lines, [11] [28] to generate knockout C. elegans, [12] knockout rats, [13] knockout mice, [29] and knockout zebrafish. [14] [30] Moreover, the method can be used to generate knockin organisms.
Most strains of nude mice are slightly "leaky" and do have a few T cells, especially as they age. In addition, knockout mice with more complete defects in the immune system have been constructed (e.g. RAG1 and RAG2 knockout mice). For these reasons, nude mice are less popular in research today.
The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) is an international scientific endeavour to create and characterize the phenotype of 20,000 knockout mouse strains. [1] [2] [3] Launched in September 2011, [1] the consortium consists of over 15 research institutes across four continents with funding provided by the NIH, European national governments and the partner institutions.