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Ephedrine works by inducing the release of norepinephrine and hence indirectly activating the α-and β-adrenergic receptors. [11] Chemically, ephedrine is a substituted amphetamine and is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine. [14] Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926.
The reaction is used in spot tests and is also known as Chen-Kao test (or simply as Chen, Test T in UN Precursor Test Kit). The test is often used to distinguish ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine , cathinone and methcathinone from amphetamine and methamphetamine , which do not react with Chen’s test reagent.
Pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, phenylacetone, and phenylacetic acid are currently DEA list I, and acetic anhydride is list II on the DEA list of chemicals subject to regulation and control measures. This method can involve the use of mercuric chloride and leaves behind mercury and lead environmental wastes. [101]
Ephedrine is the precursor of synthetic amphetamines. The diastereomer of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine is found in Ephedra sinica together along with ephedrine. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are both generally used for weight reduction and performance enhancement. They can also be reduced to methamphetamine. [2]
Rhazes (c. 865 –925), or Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, included writings about diabetes in the more than 230 books he produced in his lifetime. [33] Avicenna (980–1037), or Ibn Sina, was a court physician to the caliphs of Baghdad and a key figure in medicine who compiled an exhaustive medical encyclopedia titled The Canon of Medicine.
Drug precursors, also referred to as precursor chemicals or simply precursors, are substances used to manufacture illicit drugs. Most precursors also have legitimate commercial uses and are legally used in a wide variety of industrial processes and consumer products, such as medicines, flavourings, and fragrances.
Sugar-sweetened beverages may increase your risk for heart disease and type 2 diabetes, new research finds. Sugary drinks were found to be linked to over 330,000 deaths a year. Experts explain the ...
Ephedrine is the N-methyl analogue of phenylpropanolamine. Exogenous compounds in this family are degraded too rapidly by monoamine oxidase to be active at all but the highest doses. [51] However, the addition of the α-methyl group allows the compound to avoid metabolism and confer an effect. [51]