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In digital communications, chirp spread spectrum (CSS) is a spread spectrum technique that uses wideband linear frequency modulated chirp pulses to encode information. [1] A chirp is a sinusoidal signal whose frequency increases or decreases over time (often with a polynomial expression for the relationship between time and frequency).
An arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) is a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate electrical waveforms. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot (once only) in which case some kind of triggering source is required (internal or external).
In spread-spectrum usage, surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are often used to generate and demodulate the chirped signals. In optics , ultrashort laser pulses also exhibit chirp, which, in optical transmission systems, interacts with the dispersion properties of the materials, increasing or decreasing total pulse dispersion as the signal ...
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Generate a high-frequency sine carrier waveform, and perhaps also a cosine quadrature component. Carry out the modulation, for example by multiplying the sine and cosine waveform with the I and Q signals, resulting in the equivalent low pass signal being frequency shifted to the modulated passband signal or RF signal.
The earliest use of oscillating water columns was in whistling buoys. These buoys used the air pressure generated in the collecting chamber to power a PTO system that consisted of a whistle or foghorn. Rather than generating electricity, the PTO would generate sound, allowing the buoy to warn boats of dangerous water. J. M.
It was designed to generate 2.5MW of electricity. [7] In May 2010 it broke free of its moorings and sank at the bottom of Port Kembla's eastern breakwater. Plans to remove the generator were delayed by years, exacerbated by the company entering receivership in April 2014. In December 2011, the Kilpatrick Group was engaged to remove the wave ...
Salter's duck, also known as the nodding duck or by its official name the Edinburgh duck, is a device that converts wave power into electricity. The wave impact induces rotation of gyroscopes located inside a pear-shaped "duck", and an electrical generator converts this rotation into electricity with an overall efficiency of up to 90%.