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It has an EC 50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration for dopamine release of 48.7 nM but induces only 85% release of norepinephrine at a concentration of 10 μM. [16] For comparison, the EC 50 values of the NDRA methcathinone are 49.9 nM for dopamine release and 22.4 nM for norepinephrine release and it induces 100% release of ...
[2] [3] However, ENAP is unusual in being a partial releaser of serotonin and dopamine and a full releaser of norepinephrine. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The EC 50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration ( E max Tooltip maximal efficacy ) values of ENAP in terms of monoamine release induction are 12 nM (66%) for serotonin, 46 nM (78%) for dopamine ...
[2] [4] The EC 50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration values of BK-NM-AMT for monoamine release are 41.3 nM for serotonin and 92.8 nM for dopamine, whereas it only induced 55% release of norepinephrine at a concentration of 10 μM. [2] Several 5-halogenated derivatives of BK-NM-AMT have also been described. [6]
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling.
A dopamine molecule consists of a catechol structure (a benzene ring with two hydroxyl side groups) with one amine group attached via an ethyl chain. [14] As such, dopamine is the simplest possible catecholamine, a family that also includes the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine. [15]
Examples of SNDRAs include specific amphetamines such as MDMA, MDA, 4-methylamphetamine, methamphetamine (in high doses), certain substituted benzofurans such as 5-APB and 6-APB, naphthylisopropylamine; cathinones such as mephedrone and methylone; tryptamines such as αMT and αET; along with agents of other chemical classes such as 4,4'-DMAR, and 5-IAI.
Naphthylaminopropane is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). [3] [4] Its EC 50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration values for induction of monoamine release are 3.4 nM for serotonin, 11.1 nM for norepinephrine, and 12.6 nM for dopamine.
Similarly to other dopamine releasers like amphetamine, the drug shows cocaine-like effects and reinforcing properties in rhesus monkeys. [1] [2] The much greater potency of D-phenylalanine in inducing norepinephrine over inducing dopamine release does not appear to interfere with its dopamine release-mediated reinforcing effects. [1] [2]