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The extracellular type II and type I kinase receptors binding to the TGF-β ligands. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a superfamily of cytokines that play a significant upstream role in regulating of morphogenesis, homeostasis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. [2]
An alternative definition says that an ORF is a sequence that has a length divisible by three and is bounded by stop codons. [1] [4] This more general definition can be useful in the context of transcriptomics and metagenomics, where a start or stop codon may not be present in the obtained sequences. Such an ORF corresponds to parts of a gene ...
Introgression is a long-term process, even when artificial; it may take many hybrid generations before significant backcrossing occurs. This process is distinct from most forms of gene flow in that it occurs between two populations of different species, rather than two populations of the same species.
In the DNA segment shown, the 5′ to 3′ directions are down the left strand and up the right strand. The 5′-end (pronounced "five prime end") designates the end of the DNA or RNA strand that has the fifth carbon in the sugar-ring of the deoxyribose or ribose at its terminus.
Structure of a gene regulatory network Control process of a gene regulatory network. A gene (or genetic) regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of molecular regulators that interact with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins which, in turn, determine the function of the cell.
The term super-integron was first applied in 1998 (but without definition) to the integron with a long cassette array on the small chromosome of Vibrio cholerae. [10] [11] The term has since been used for integrons of various cassette array lengths or for integrons on bacterial chromosomes (versus, for example, plasmids). Use of "super-integron ...
A replicon is a region of an organism's genome that is independently replicated from a single origin of replication [citation needed].A bacterial chromosome contains a single origin, and therefore the whole bacterial chromosome is a replicon.
In biology, pairwise interactions have historically been the focus of intense study. With the recent advances in network science , it has become possible to scale up pairwise interactions to include individuals of many species involved in many sets of interactions to understand the structure and function of larger ecological networks . [ 29 ]