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In order to overcome the limitations of the ideal differentiator, an additional small-value capacitor C 1 is connected in parallel with the feedback resistor R, which prevents the differentiator circuit from oscillating, and a resistor R 1 is connected in series with the capacitor C, which limits the increase in gain to a ratio of R / R 1 .
Coherence time is actually a statistical measure of the time duration over which the channel impulse response is essentially invariant, and quantifies the similarity of the channel response at different times. In other words, coherence time is the time duration over which two received signals have a strong potential for amplitude correlation.
The time constant (τ p) is the amount of time it takes for the output to reach 63.2% of the new steady-state value after the step change. One downside to using this method is that it can take a while to reach a new steady-state value if the process has large time constants. [27]
The time constant of an exponential moving average is the amount of time for the smoothed response of a unit step function to reach / % of the original signal. The relationship between this time constant, , and the smoothing factor, , is given by the following formula:
The coherence time, usually designated τ, is calculated by dividing the coherence length by the phase velocity of light in a medium; approximately given by = where λ is the central wavelength of the source, Δν and Δλ is the spectral width of the source in units of frequency and wavelength respectively, and c is the speed of light in vacuum.
A quantity is subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its current value. Symbolically, this process can be expressed by the following differential equation , where N is the quantity and λ ( lambda ) is a positive rate called the exponential decay constant , disintegration constant , [ 1 ] rate constant , [ 2 ] or ...
The MACD indicator [2] (or "oscillator") is a collection of three time series calculated from historical price data, most often the closing price. These three series are: the MACD series proper, the "signal" or "average" series, and the "divergence" series which is the difference between the two.
The pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) is the number of pulses of a repeating signal in a specific time unit. The term is used within a number of technical disciplines, notably radar . In radar, a radio signal of a particular carrier frequency is turned on and off; the term "frequency" refers to the carrier, while the PRF refers to the number of ...