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Elias Hicks (March 19, 1748 – February 27, 1830) was a traveling Quaker minister from Long Island, New York.In his ministry he promoted doctrines deemed unorthodox by many which led to lasting controversy, and caused the second major schism within the Religious Society of Friends (the first caused by George Keith in 1691). [1]
The separation was caused by the determination of some Quakers to participate in the social reform movements of the day despite efforts by leading Quaker bodies to dissuade them from mixing with non-Quakers. These reformers were drawn especially to organizations that opposed slavery, but also to those that campaigned for women's rights.
The Hicksite Separation (1967), uses the new social history to inquire who joined which side; Dunn, Mary Maples. William Penn: Politics and Conscience (1967). Frost, J. William. The Quaker Family in Colonial America: A Portrait of the Society of Friends (1973), emphasis on social structure and family life. Frost, J. William.
In 1827, the Great Separation divided Pennsylvania Quakers into two branches, Orthodox and Hicksite. Many individual meetings also separated, but one branch generally kept possession of the meeting house. The two branches reunited in the 1950s.
[2] [6] [7] When the Hicksite Separation occurred in 1827, the family sided with the new sect. [2] [8] Although Charles and Priscilla were quietists, they did not object to their children's involvement in reform movements. [8] In 1833, the family would be among the founders of the Spruce Street Friends Meeting. [2]
The Quaker population in the area began to decline about 1830, caused by western migration, the "Great Separation" between Hicksite and Orthodox Quakers, and controversy surrounding Quakers during the abolition movement and the Civil War. Between 1850 and 1870 most Quaker meetings in the area were closed, with the Providence Meeting closed in 1870.
According to Fox's autobiography, Bennet "was the first that called us Quakers, because I bade them tremble at the word of the Lord". [29]: 125 It is thought that Fox was referring to Isaiah 66:2 or Ezra 9:4. Thus the name Quaker began as a way of ridiculing Fox's admonition, but became widely accepted and used by some Quakers. [33]
Conservative Friends are members of the Wilburite branch of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). In the United States, Conservative Friends belong to three Yearly Meetings: the Ohio Yearly Meeting (Conservative), the North Carolina Yearly Meeting (Conservative), and the Iowa Yearly Meeting (Conservative).