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  2. Macrophage polarization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage_polarization

    Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.

  3. Macrophage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage

    Macrophages may also restrain the contraction phase. [71] Macrophages are stimulated by the low oxygen content of their surroundings to produce factors that induce and speed angiogenesis [72] and they also stimulate cells that re-epithelialize the wound, create granulation tissue, and lay down a new extracellular matrix.

  4. Tumor-associated macrophage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor-associated_macrophage

    M1 macrophages are seen to have a pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic (anti-tumoral) function; M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory (pro-tumoral) and promote wound healing. However, use of the M1/M2 polarization paradigm has led to confusing terminology since M1/M2 are used to describe mature macrophages, but the activation process is complex and ...

  5. U937 (cell line) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U937_(cell_line)

    U-937-derived macrophages preferentially respond to M2-inducing stimuli, subsequently leading them to acquire the phenotype of alternatively activated macrophages. Whereas, in the case of THP-1 cells, the polarization is reversed in favor of classical M1 macrophages. Both cell lines can be artificially polarized in either direction though.

  6. Smoker's macrophages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoker's_macrophages

    A macrophage can be polarized into the classic M1 or M2 phenotype, and this phenomenon can be seen in cigarette consumption. [2] In this polarization scheme, lower M1 markers and higher M2 markers have been observed. [4] The reprogram of macrophage implies a dysregulated inflammation that can damage healthy lung cells.

  7. Adipose tissue macrophages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue_macrophages

    In adipose tissue, distinction between M1 and M2 macrophage polarization can be monitored by assessing the expression of selected markers. Macrophages displaying M1 phenotype have been characterized by expression of F4/80, CD11c and iNOS whereas macrophages displaying M2 phenotype have been characterized by expression of F4/80, CD301 and Arg1. [10]

  8. Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_stimulating_factor...

    Lastly, activation of CSF1R is a strong chemokinetic signal, inducing macrophage polarization and chemotaxis towards the source of CSF1R ligand. This macrophage response requires rapid morphological changes which is achieved by remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton via the Src/ Pyk2 and PI3K signaling pathways.

  9. T helper cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell

    Activation of macrophage or B cell by T helper cell. The T helper cells (T h cells), also known as CD4 + cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines.