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2. Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenses_for_SLR_and_DSLR...

   Aperture settings are usually not continuously variable; instead, the diaphragm has typically 5–10 discrete settings. The normal "full-stop" f-number scale for modern lenses is as follows: 1, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, but many lenses also allow setting it to half-stop or third-stop increments.

3. Diaphragm (optics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(optics)

   The centre of the diaphragm's aperture coincides with the optical axis of the lens system. Most modern cameras use a type of adjustable diaphragm known as an iris diaphragm, and often referred to simply as an iris. See the articles on aperture and f-number for the photographic effect and system of quantification of varying the opening in the ...

4. Digital single-lens reflex camera - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex...

   An APS-C format SLR (left) and a full-frame DSLR (right) show the difference in the sizes of the image sensors. The angle of view of a lens depends upon its focal length and the camera's image sensor size; a sensor smaller than 35 mm film format (36×24 mm frame) gives a narrower angle of view for a lens of a given focal length than a camera ...

5. List of PDF software - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PDF_software

   Google Chrome: Includes a PDF viewer. GSview: Open source software and Ghostscript's viewer for Windows. Microsoft Edge: Includes a PDF viewer. Microsoft Reader: A discontinued PDF viewer in Windows 8.1. Mozilla Firefox: Includes a PDF viewer. MuPDF: Free lightweight document viewer. Nitro PDF Reader: Freeware (though proprietary) PDF reader ...

6. Photographic lens design - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_lens_design

   Rotating the plate would bring an appropriate sized hole in front of the lens. All modern lenses use a multi-leaf diaphragm so that at the central intersection of the leaves a more or less circular aperture is formed. Either a manual ring, or an electronic motor controls the angle of the diaphragm leaves and thus the size of the opening.

7. Zenit (camera) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit_(camera)

   Zenit 122 Zenit-4 with leaf shutter Zenit-16 with vertical travel shutter. The first attempt to make high-end professional camera by KMZ was the Start in 1958. This camera had a full set of shutter speeds (from 1 sec to 1/1000), a lens with an automatic diaphragm in a unique breech-lock mount, and even a knife for cutting-off part of the unexposed film.

8. Aperture - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture

   Aperture priority is a semi-automatic shooting mode used in cameras. It permits the photographer to select an aperture setting and let the camera decide the shutter speed and sometimes also ISO sensitivity for the correct exposure. This is also referred to as Aperture Priority Auto Exposure, A mode, AV mode (aperture-value mode), or semi-auto ...

9. List of abbreviations in photography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in...

   Automatic exposure. Hardware and software ("firmware"), built into the camera, measures luminance of the subject and automatically sets shutter speed, lens aperture or sensitivity; this also allows the camera to set the aperture for manual lenses fixed with an AE chip. [4] AE-L or AEL: Automatic exposure lock. Technology for holding an exposure ...