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The exact incidence of leptomeningeal disease is difficult to determine, since gross examination at autopsy may overlook signs of leptomeningeal disease, and microscopic pathological inspection may be normal if the seeding is multifocal or if an unaffected area of the central nervous system (CNS) is examined.
The leptomeningeal collateral circulation (also known as leptomeningeal anastomoses or pial collaterals) is a network of small blood vessels in the brain that connects branches of the middle, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries (MCA, ACA, and PCA), [1] with variation in its precise anatomy between individuals. [2]
When looking at the most common causes of meningitis, 8.3% are due to herpes simplex virus. [8] HSV-2 specifically is the most common cause of meningitis in adults. [6] Herpesviral meningitis primarily affects people aged 35–40, the elderly, and women. [9] Between 20% and 50% of cases have clinical recurrences. [3]
Susac's syndrome is a very rare disease, of unknown cause, and many persons who experience it do not display the bizarre symptoms named here. Their speech can be affected, such as the case of a female of late teens who suffered speech issues and hearing problems, and many experience unrelenting and intense headaches and migraines, some form of ...
Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT) is a rare, primary CNS tumor, classified as distinct entity in 2016 [1] and described as diffuse oligodendroglial-like leptomeningeal tumor of children in the 2016 classification of CNS neoplasms by the WHO., [2] Typically, it's considered juvenile tumors [3] but can occur in adults, [4] the average age of diagnosis is five years. [3]
Sturge–Weber syndrome, sometimes referred to as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is a rare congenital neurological and skin disorder. It is one of the phakomatoses and is often associated with port-wine stains of the face, glaucoma, seizures, intellectual disability, and ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma (cerebral malformations and tumors).
The current standard for diagnosis typically includes positive CSF cytology, vitreous biopsy, or brain/leptomeningeal biopsy. [10] Histopathological confirmation is essential for definitive diagnosis. [11] MRI or contrast enhanced CT classically shows multiple ring-enhancing lesions in the deep white matter.
The abnormalities of the leptomeninges during fetal development due to neurocutaneous melanosis may be the cause of this increased incidence of the Dandy-Walker malformation. The development of hydrocephalus is the most common symptom associated with a combination of neurocutaneous melanosis and a Dandy-Walker malformation, occurring in about ...