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Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research.A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries gave examples of policy definitions.
It is violation of scientific integrity: violation of the scientific method and of research ethics in science, including in the design, conduct, and reporting of research. A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries provides the following sample definitions, [ 1 ] reproduced in The COPE report 1999: [ 2 ]
They can cause loss of information and resources that might result severely harmful for users, the general public, or employers. Therefore, software developers should minimize the risk of harming others due to coding errors, or security issues, by following standards to design and test systems (Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct). [3]
Computer ethics is a part of practical philosophy concerned with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct. [1]Margaret Anne Pierce, a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Computers at Georgia Southern University has categorized the ethical decisions related to computer technology and usage into three primary influences: [2]
Medical ethics is an applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research. [20] Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. [21]
The syntax :=, called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. It assigns values to variables as part of a larger expression. [106] In Python, == compares by value. Python's is operator may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, a <= b <= c.
Example side effects include modifying a non-local variable, a static local variable or a mutable argument passed by reference; raising errors or exceptions; performing I/O; or calling other functions with side-effects. [1] In the presence of side effects, a program's behaviour may depend on history; that is, the order of evaluation matters.
A code of practice is adopted by a profession (or by a governmental or non-governmental organization) to regulate that profession. A code of practice may be styled as a code of professional responsibility, which will discuss difficult issues and difficult decisions that will often need to be made, and then provide a clear account of what behavior is considered "ethical" or "correct" or "right ...