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2. Dimmer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmer

   When the dimmer is at 50% power, the switches are switching their highest voltage (>325 V in Europe) and the sudden surge of power causes the coils on the inductor to move, creating a buzzing sound associated with some types of dimmer; this same effect can be heard in the filaments of the incandescent lamps as "singing". The suppression ...

3. Bang–bang control - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang–bang_control

   A water heater that maintains desired temperature by turning the applied power on and off (as opposed to continuously varying electrical voltage or current) based on temperature feedback is an example application of bang–bang control. Although the applied power switches from one discrete state to another, the water temperature will remain ...

4. Pulse-width modulation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation

   PWM is useful for controlling the average power or amplitude delivered by an electrical signal. The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by switching the supply between 0 and 100% at a rate faster than it takes the load to change significantly. The longer the switch is on, the higher the total power supplied to ...

5. Switching control techniques - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switching_Control_Techniques

   PWM is considered the most common deterministic technique. Considering the example of a DC-DC converter, a controlled switch is designed to “cut-off” the DC waveform into a pulse-shaped waveform. Therefore, the voltage of this signal alternates at the switching frequency between a maximum value and zero.

6. PWM rectifier - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWM_rectifier

   PWM rectifier (Pulse-width modulation rectifier) is an AC to DC power converter, that is implemented using forced commutated power electronic semiconductor switches. Conventional PWM converters are used for wind turbines that have a permanent-magnet alternator. [1] Today, insulated gate bipolar transistors are typical switching devices.

7. Control grid - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_grid

   Schematic symbol used in circuit diagrams for a vacuum tube, showing control grid. The control grid is an electrode used in amplifying thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) such as the triode, tetrode and pentode, used to control the flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode (plate) electrode.

8. Pulse-frequency modulation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-frequency_modulation

   Comparison of PFM (top) and PWM (bottom) of a signal that starts at a constant low value and then transitions to a constant high value. Pulse-frequency modulation ( PFM ) is a modulation method for representing an analog signal using only two levels (1 and 0).

9. Space vector modulation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_vector_modulation

   Space vector modulation (SVM) is an algorithm for the control of pulse-width modulation (PWM), invented by Gerhard Pfaff, Alois Weschta, and Albert Wick in 1982. [1] [2] It is used for the creation of alternating current (AC) waveforms; most commonly to drive 3 phase AC powered motors at varying speeds from DC using multiple class-D amplifiers.