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The concept of street-level bureaucracy was first coined by Michael Lipsky in 1969, [2] who argued that "policy implementation in the end comes down to the people [(the street-level bureaucrats)] who actually implement it". However, the process of street-level bureaucracy has been around for a much longer period.
The concept of street-level bureaucracy was popularized by Michael Lipsky in 1980. He argued that "policy implementation in the end comes down to the people who actually implement it". [2] He argued that state employees such as police and social workers should be seen as part of the "policy-making community" and as exercisers of political power.
Bureau-shaping is a rational choice model of bureaucracy and a response to the budget-maximization model.It argues that rational officials will not want to maximize their budgets, but instead to shape their agency so as to maximize their personal utilities from their work.
The budget-maximizing model is a stream of public choice theory and rational choice analysis in public administration inaugurated by William Niskanen.Niskanen first presented the idea in 1968, [1] and later developed it into a book published in 1971. [2]
When a bureaucracy is permeable anyone can access it, including legislators who were originally adverse to the legislation being implemented. [8] Further, scholars argue that if a bureaucratic agency is designed to represent a single interest, its implementations are more likely to reflect the views of the people they are representing than they ...
A bureaucrat is a member of a bureaucracy and can compose the administration of any organization of any size, although the term usually connotes someone within an institution of government. The term bureaucrat derives from "bureaucracy", which in turn derives from the French "bureaucratie" first known from the 18th century. [1]
He was perhaps best known for his volume The Case for Bureaucracy, now in its 4th edition. [ 1 ] Goodsell was a co-author of the Blacksburg Manifesto , [ 2 ] written with Gary Wamsley , Robert Bacher , Philip Kronenberg, John Rohr , Camilla Stivers, Orion White, and James Wolf – all of whom were at Virginia Tech during the 1980s.
It is different from bureaucracy; like Toffler, Mintzberg considers bureaucracy a thing of the past, and adhocracy one of the future. [7] When done well, adhocracy can be very good at problem solving and innovation [7] and thrive in diverse environments. [6] It requires sophisticated and often automated technical systems to develop and thrive. [7]