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  2. Hydrogen chloride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride

    At room temperature, it is a colorless gas, which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid upon contact with atmospheric water vapor. Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are important in technology and industry. Hydrochloric acid, the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, is also commonly given the formula HCl.

  3. Photosynthetic efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency

    From a 2010 study by the University of Maryland, photosynthesizing cyanobacteria have been shown to be a significant contributor in the global carbon cycle, accounting for 20–30% of Earth's photosynthetic productivity and convert solar energy into biomass-stored chemical energy at the rate of ~450 TW. [7]

  4. Hydrochloric acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid

    Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans.

  5. Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot's_theorem...

    For each engine, the absolute value of the energy entering the engine, , must be equal to the absolute value of the energy leaving from the engine, . Otherwise, energy is continuously accumulated in an engine or the conservation of energy is violated by taking more energy from an engine than input energy to the engine:

  6. Hydrochloric acid (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid_(data_page)

    Hydrochloric acid . This page provides supplementary chemical data on Hydrochloric acid. ... This page was last edited on 23 July 2024, at 08:37 (UTC).

  7. Clemmensen reduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemmensen_reduction

    Depending on the constitution of the carbonyl compound or the acidity of the reaction, a carbon-metal or oxygen-metal bond can form after the compound attaches to the metal surface. [9] Furthermore, Vedeja proposed a mechanism involving the formation of radical anion and zinc carbenoid, followed by reduction to alkane [ 7 ] [ 8 ] (as shown above).

  8. Ideal solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_solution

    An ideal solution or ideal mixture is a solution that exhibits thermodynamic properties analogous to those of a mixture of ideal gases. [1] The enthalpy of mixing is zero [2] as is the volume change on mixing by definition; the closer to zero the enthalpy of mixing is, the more "ideal" the behavior of the solution becomes.

  9. Carbon dioxide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide

    As the source of carbon in the carbon cycle, atmospheric CO 2 is the primary carbon source for life on Earth. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in groundwater, lakes, ice caps, and seawater.