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"Turkey, Kemalism and the Soviet Union: Problems of Modernization, Ideology and Interpretation" London & New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Zalyaev, Ramil. "The Soviet Attitude Towards Turkey in the First Years of their Relations, and the 1925 Neutrality Treaty." International Journal of Turkish Studies (2005) 11#1-2 pp 107–126. covers 1918 ...
The Soviets also had interests in the energy resources of Afghanistan, including oil and natural gas exploration from the 1950s and 1960s. [43] The USSR began to import Afghan gas from 1968 onwards. [44] Between 1954 and 1977, the Soviet Union provided Afghanistan with economic aid worth of about 1 billion rubles. [45]
During the Sino-Soviet split, strained relations between China and the USSR resulted in bloody border clashes and mutual backing for the opponent's enemies. [109] [110] China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the King's rule. When the pro-Soviet Afghan Communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978, relations between ...
The United States' firm opposition to Soviet-backed separatist movements in Turkey and Persia led to the crushing and re-annexation of the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947) and Azeri Azerbaijan People's Government (1945–1946) by Persia. [1] Turkey joined the anti-Soviet military alliance NATO in 1952. Following the death of Stalin in ...
The foreign relations of Afghanistan have changed so much politically, socially and economically. Today the relations between the two countries go beyond giving military education. In this respect it is noteworthy that this article handles the developments in the relationship between Afghanistan and Turkey in historical context. [175]
Until the latter half of the 1930s, Soviet–Turkish relations were cordial and somewhat fraternal. At the request of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Vladimir Lenin provided crucial military and financial aid to the Turkish National Movement in its struggle against the Ottoman monarchy and Western occupiers; two million gold Imperial rubles, 60,000 rifles, and 100 artillery pieces were sent in the ...
Afghanistan will be turned into a center of terrorism." [12] U.S. troops in 2011 surveying the Salang Pass during the War in Afghanistan, the route used by Soviet forces during the invasion 32 years before. As many as 35,000 non-Afghan Muslim fighters went to Afghanistan between 1982 and 1992. [26]
See Belize–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Belize. [346] Trade volume between the two countries was 13.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.1/3.6 million USD). [346] X Costa Rica: 21 September 1950 [72] See Costa Rica–Turkey relations. Costa Rica has an ...