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Vertical integration is often closely associated with vertical expansion which, in economics, is the growth of a business enterprise through the acquisition of companies that produce the intermediate goods needed by the business or help market and distribute its product.
A vertical market is a market in which vendors offer goods and services specific to an industry, trade, profession, or other group of customers with specialized needs. A horizontal market is a market in which a product or service meets the needs of a wide range of buyers across different sectors of an economy .
A vertical agreement is a term used in competition law to denote agreements between firms at different levels of a supply chain.For instance, a manufacturer of consumer electronics might have a vertical agreement with a retailer according to which the latter would promote their products in return for lower prices.
Market foreclosure or vertical foreclosure, is the production limitation put on a producing organisation if either it is denied access to a supplier ...
Horizontal and vertical integration, about control of value chains Horizontal integration , when a company increases production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain and in the same industry (e.g via internal expansion, acquisition or merger)
Vertical restraints are to be distinguished from so-called "horizontal restraints", which are found in agreements between horizontal competitors. Vertical restraints can take numerous forms, ranging from a requirement that dealers accept returns of a manufacturer's product, to resale price maintenance agreements setting the minimum or maximum ...
Richard Lewis' final appearance on Curb Your Enthusiasm before his death is making headlines. On the episode, titled "Vertical Drop, Horizontal Tug," Lewis talked to Larry David about his will and ...
A vertical-faced curb is used to discourage motor vehicle drivers from leaving the roadway. The square (90°-edge) or close-to-square type is still almost always used in towns and cities, as it is a straight step down and thus less likely to be tripped-over by pedestrians.