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A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, ... Ionic materials are usually crystalline or polycrystalline.
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material. [1] Ordered structures occur from intrinsic nature of constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of three-dimensional space in matter.
The sizes of the individual crystals in a crystalline solid material vary depending on the material involved and the conditions when it was formed. Most crystalline materials encountered in everyday life are polycrystalline , with the individual crystals being microscopic in scale, but macroscopic single crystals can be produced either ...
Crystallography is used by materials scientists to characterize different materials. In single crystals, the effects of the crystalline arrangement of atoms is often easy to see macroscopically because the natural shapes of crystals reflect the atomic structure. In addition, physical properties are often controlled by crystalline defects.
However, there are many other single crystals besides inorganic single crystals capable semiconducting, including single-crystal organic semiconductors. A high-purity (99.999 %) tantalum single crystal, made by the floating zone process, some single crystalline fragments of tantalum, and a high-purity (99.99% = 4N) 1 cm 3 tantalum cube for ...
In crystalline materials the addition of particles works to impede dislocation motion and strengthen the material. However, for many semi-crystalline polymers particle fillers weaken the material. It has been suggested that for particles to have a toughening effect in polymers the interparticle matrix ligament thickness must be smaller than a ...
The orientation of crystallites can be random with no preferred direction, called random texture, or directed, possibly due to growth and processing conditions.While the structure of a single crystal is highly ordered and its lattice is continuous and unbroken, amorphous materials, such as glass and many polymers, are non-crystalline and do not display any structures, as their constituents are ...
The first quasicrystalline materials were thermodynamically unstable: when heated, they formed regular crystals. However, in 1987, the first of many stable quasicrystals were discovered, making it possible to produce large samples for study and applications.
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