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Mummy masks, in cartonnage, plaster, or stucco, in either traditional Egyptian style or Roman style, might be added to the mummies. [18] Another possibility was a Roman-style mummy portrait, executed in encaustic (pigment suspended in wax) on a wooden panel. Sometimes the feet of the mummy were covered.
In the temples and places reserved for the mummies, the bodies were put on a platform of reed, as an elevated bed, called barbacoas. Other mummies were placed on small wooden stools. [20] The mummies were left there without being buried. [24] All the mummies found were in a similar sitting position with the arms and legs folded towards the torso.
After dehydration, the mummy was wrapped in many layers of linen cloth. Within the layers, Egyptian priests placed small amulets to guard the decedent from evil. [20] Once the mummy was completely wrapped, it was coated in resin in order to keep the threat of moist air away. The resin was also applied to the coffin in order to seal it.
The mummies were wrapped in fabric and plant material. Between the layers of fabric were artifacts, including pottery, ceramics and tools. Archaeologists estimate that the bundles date to ...
The act of mummification described was to be done while prayers and incantations were performed ritualistically. [6]Persons necessarily present and participating within a performance of the ritual were a master of secrets or stolist (both refer to the same person), a lector, and a divine chancellor or seal-bearer (hetemu-netjer).
In the predynastic period bodies were usually buried naked and sometimes loosely wrapped. In such a burial, when the body is covered in warm sand, the environmental conditions mean that most of the water in the body is quickly evaporated or drained away, meaning that the corpse is naturally dried and preserved. [ 6 ]
A mummy from the Xiaohe Cemetery, with dairy remains scattered around the mummy’s neck. ... it was well preserved, as were her boots, hat and the cheese that laced her body. ... consumed dairy ...
Canopic jars from the Old Kingdom were found empty and damaged, even in undisturbed tombs, suggesting that they were part of the burial ritual rather than being used to hold the organs. [11] The Third Intermediate Period and beyond adopted a similar practice, placing much smaller dummy jars in the tombs without including the organs.