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Kunrei-shiki romanization (Japanese: 訓令式ローマ字, Hepburn: Kunrei-shiki rōmaji), also known as the Monbusho system (named after the endonym for the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) or MEXT system, [1] is the Cabinet-ordered romanization system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet.
The earliest Japanese romanization system was based on Portuguese orthography.It was developed c. 1548 by a Japanese Catholic named Anjirō. [2] [citation needed] Jesuit priests used the system in a series of printed Catholic books so that missionaries could preach and teach their converts without learning to read Japanese orthography.
It was invented by physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate (田中館 愛橘) in 1885, [1] with the intention to replace the Hepburn system of romanization. [2] Tanakadate's intention was to replace the traditional kanji and kana system of writing Japanese completely by a romanized system, which he felt would make it easier for Japan to compete with Western countries.
ち, in hiragana, or チ in katakana, is one of the Japanese kana, which each represent one mora.Both are phonemically /ti/, reflected in the Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki romanization ti, although, for phonological reasons, the actual pronunciation is ⓘ, which is reflected in the Hepburn romanization chi.
Additionally, half-width hiragana is included in Unicode, and it is usable on Web or in e-books via CSS's font-feature-settings: "hwid" 1 with Adobe-Japan1-6 based OpenType fonts. [1] Finally, half-width kanji is usable on modern computers, and is used in some receipt printers, electric bulletin board and old computers. [2]
Tsu (hiragana: つ, katakana: ツ) is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora.Both are phonemically /tɯ/, reflected in the Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki Romanization tu, although for phonological reasons, the actual pronunciation is ⓘ, reflected in the Hepburn romanization tsu.
Sa (hiragana: さ, katakana: サ) is one of the Japanese kana, which each represent one mora. Both represent [sa]. The shapes of these kana originate from 左 and 散, respectively. Like き, the hiragana character may be written with or without linking the lower line to the rest of the character.
く, in hiragana or ク in katakana, is one of the Japanese kana, which each represent one mora.Both represent [kɯ] and their shapes come from the kanji 久.. This kana may have a dakuten added, transforming it into ぐ in hiragana, グ in katakana and gu in Hepburn romanization.