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Danah Zohar coined the term "spiritual intelligence" and introduced the idea in 1997 in her book ReWiring the Corporate Brain. [1]In the same year, 1997, Ken O'Donnell, an Australian author and consultant living in Brazil, also introduced the term "spiritual intelligence" in his book Endoquality - the emotional and spiritual dimensions of the human being in organizations.
In some cases, intelligence may include traits such as creativity, personality, character, knowledge, or wisdom. However, some psychologists prefer not to include these traits in the definition of intelligence. [1] A widely researched index or classification of intelligence among scientists is intelligence quotient (IQ).
There has been research to both support and refute the ability of personality traits to explain religious or spiritual involvement. Research using Eysenck 's model has found that religiosity in general is associated with low Openness to Experience, as well as low psychoticism , [ 6 ] a factor associated inversely with Agreeableness and ...
Transpersonal psychology focuses on exploring spiritual experiences, mystical states, self-transcendence, and the holistic development of human potential. An interest group was later re-formed as the Transpersonal Psychology Interest Group (TPIG), which continued to promote transpersonal issues in collaboration with Division 32. [ 6 ]
The best-known stage model of spiritual or religious development is that of James W. Fowler, a developmental psychologist at the Candler School of Theology, in his Stages of Faith. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] He follows Piaget and Kohlberg and has proposed a holistic staged development of faith (or spiritual development) across the lifespan.
Born in 1950 [2] in Washington, D.C., [1] Pargament received his Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in 1977. [3] He currently studies various relationships between religion, psychological well-being and stress, as well as other closely related subjects. [4]
Personal development or self-improvement consists of activities that develops a person's capabilities and potential, enhance quality of life, and facilitate the realization of dreams and aspirations. [1] Personal development may take place over the course of an individual's entire lifespan and is not limited to one stage of a person's life.
Personality development encompasses the dynamic construction and deconstruction of integrative characteristics that distinguish an individual in terms of interpersonal behavioral traits. [1] Personality development is ever-changing and subject to contextual factors and life-altering experiences.