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The ICD-10 established a set of diagnostic criteria for PCS in 1992. [38] In order to meet these criteria, a patient has had a head injury "usually sufficiently severe to result in loss of consciousness" [33] [39] and then develop at least three of the eight symptoms marked with a check mark in the table at right under "ICD-10" within four weeks.
Therefore, sleep disturbance may have a negative effect on injury recovery, rehabilitation and outcomes, leading to long term disabilities. [3] [4] [5] [9] This may be related to less non-REM sleep due to a higher amount of stage 1 sleep. [3] [10] TBI patients with obstructive sleep apnea show reduced cardiac function and hypertension. [11]
Insufficient quality or quantity of night time sleep [5] Obstructive sleep apnea [6] Misalignments of the body's circadian pacemaker with the environment (e.g., jet lag, shift work, or other circadian rhythm sleep disorders) [7] Another underlying sleep disorder, such as narcolepsy, sleep apnea, [8] idiopathic hypersomnia, or restless legs syndrome
[9] [10] It is a difficulty transitioning from sleep to wake. [10] Individuals experiencing sleep drunkenness report waking with confusion, disorientation, slowness and repeated returns to sleep. [9] [11] It also appears in non-hypersomniac persons, for example after a night of insufficient sleep. [9]
It is crucial to aim for objective measures to quantify the sleepiness. A good measurement tool is the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). It assesses the sleep onset latency during the course of one day—often from 8:00 to 16:00. [10] An average sleep onset latency of less than 5 minutes is an indication of pathological sleepiness. [11]
A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. [9] Symptoms may include loss of consciousness; memory loss; headaches; difficulty with thinking, concentration, or balance; nausea; blurred vision; dizziness; sleep disturbances, and mood changes. [1]
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A concussion is a form of a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). This injury is a result due to a blow to the head that could make the person's physical, cognitive, and emotional behaviors irregular. Symptoms may include clumsiness, fatigue, confusion, nausea, blurry vision, headaches, and others. [7] Mild concussions are associated with sequelae ...