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These codes are Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct and the Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice, respectively, and some of their guidelines are presented below: From the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (ACM): [3] Contribute to society and human well-being.
The explicit structure of Lisp code allows automatic indenting, to form a visual cue for human readers. Another alternative is for each block to begin and end with explicit keywords. For example, in ALGOL 60 and its descendant Pascal , blocks start with keyword begin and end with keyword end .
Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
For example, at the architectural level, it may have been noted that some data has to be sorted, while at the design level, it is necessary to decide which sorting algorithm is to be used. As a further example, if an object-oriented approach is being used, then the details of the objects must be determined (attributes and methods).
Another example can be when dealing with structs. In the code snippet below, we have a struct student which contains some variables describing the information about a student. The function register_student leaks memory contents because it fails to fully initialize the members of struct student new_student.
For example, a precondition—an assertion placed at the beginning of a section of code—determines the set of states under which the programmer expects the code to execute. A postcondition—placed at the end—describes the expected state at the end of execution. For example: x > 0 { x++ } x > 1.
Example side effects include modifying a non-local variable, a static local variable or a mutable argument passed by reference; raising errors or exceptions; performing I/O; or calling other functions with side-effects. [1] In the presence of side effects, a program's behaviour may depend on history; that is, the order of evaluation matters.
In a dynamically typed language, where type can only be determined at runtime, many type errors can only be detected at runtime. For example, the Python code a + b is syntactically valid at the phrase level, but the correctness of the types of a and b can only be determined at runtime, as variables do not have types in Python, only values do.