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An example is water, whose hydrogen-related isotopologues are: "light water" (HOH or H 2 O), "semi-heavy water" with the deuterium isotope in equal proportion to protium (HDO or 1 H 2 HO), "heavy water" with two deuterium atoms (D 2 O or 2 H 2 O); and "super-heavy water" or tritiated water (T 2 O or 3 H 2 O, as well as HTO [1 H 3 HO] and DTO [2 ...
Since its original descriptions, the Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation has taken many forms. Given an isotopic exchange reaction + = +, such that designates a molecule containing an isotope of interest, the equation can be expressed by relating the equilibrium constant, , to the product of partition function ratios, namely the translational, rotational, vibrational, and sometimes electronic ...
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of various elements. Variations in isotopic abundance are measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry , and can reveal information about the ages and origins of rock, air or water bodies, or processes of mixing between ...
Archaeological materials, such as bone, organic residues, hair, or sea shells, can serve as substrates for isotopic analysis. Carbon, nitrogen and zinc isotope ratios are used to investigate the diets of past people; these isotopic systems can be used with others, such as strontium or oxygen, to answer questions about population movements and cultural interactions, such as trade.
From a nuclear physics perspective, isotope shifts combine different precise atomic physics probes for studying nuclear structure, and their main use is nuclear-model-independent determination of charge-radii differences. Two effects contribute to this shift:
Here, we’ve rounded up 36 sheet cake recipes to consider the next time you’re in a baking mood, from classic chocolate to unexpected blackberry-la ...
Scientists have long searched for long-lived heavy isotopes outside of the valley of stability, [6] [7] [8] hypothesized by Glenn T. Seaborg in the late 1960s. [9] [10] These relatively stable nuclides are expected to have particular configurations of "magic" atomic and neutron numbers, and form a so-called island of stability.
Owing to both of these advantages, the method of isotope dilution is regarded among chemistry measurement methods of the highest metrological standing. [1] Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number. All isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons in each atom.