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Gynecologic ultrasonography or gynecologic sonography refers to the application of medical ultrasonography to the female pelvic organs (specifically the uterus, the ovaries, and the fallopian tubes) as well as the bladder, the adnexa, and the recto-uterine pouch. The procedure may lead to other medically relevant findings in the pelvis.This ...
The most common diagnostic imaging modalities for uterine adenomyosis include transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Though surgical excision and microscopic examination of the tumor allow for a definitive diagnosis, these imaging studies offer a non-invasive approach and have a sufficient resolution for a ...
The combined approach of ultrasound with Doppler, along with the selective use of contrast-enhanced MRI, proves to be an efficient diagnostic method for identifying benign adnexal masses with distinctive features, including functional masses, dermoid, endometrioma, fibroma, pedunculated fibroid, hydrosalpinx, and peritoneal inclusion cysts. [18]
MRI without contrast agents is the imaging mode of choice for pre-surgical, in-utero diagnosis and evaluation of fetal tumors, primarily teratomas, facilitating open fetal surgery, other fetal interventions, and planning for procedures (such as the EXIT procedure) to safely deliver and treat babies whose defects would otherwise be fatal. [52] [53]
Using a urinary catheter, radiocontrast is instilled in the bladder, and X-ray imaging is performed. Cystography can be used to evaluate bladder cancer, vesicoureteral reflux, bladder polyps, and hydronephrosis. It requires less radiation than pelvic CT, although it is less sensitive and specific than MRI or CT.
The increasing use of MRI, often during diagnostic work-up for back or lower extremity pain, has led to a significant increase in the number of incidental findings that are most often clinically inconsequential. The most common include: [22] vertebral hemangioma; fibrolipoma (a lipoma with fibrous areas) Tarlov cyst
Ultrasound imaging, like MRI, does not use radiation and is safe for examination of the pelvis and female reproductive organs. [25] Overall, it is estimated that transvaginal ultrasonography has a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 85% for the detection of adenomyosis.
Cystadenocarcinoma is a malignant form of a cystadenoma and is a cancer derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur.