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The rate of congenital malformations is similar in Type 1 and 2 mothers because of increased adiposity and the age of women with type 2 diabetes. [3] Genetic predisposition and different environmental factors both play a significant role in the development of diabetic embryopathy.
Pre-gestational diabetes can be classified as Type 1 or Type 2 depending on the physiological mechanism. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder leading to destruction of insulin-producing cell in the pancreas; type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with obesity and results from a combination of insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.
The combination of four generations – such as this baby, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother – has been called a club sandwich after the multi-layered sandwich style. The term sandwich generation was introduced to the social work and the gerontology communities, respectively, by Dorothy Miller and Elaine Brody in 1981.
As of 2011 more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. [2] All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total genetic component of the disease. [2] There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as monogenic forms of diabetes). [1]
In Central Europe 44% of the participants had type 2 diabetes compared with 33% in the Atlantic European Mainland, and 26% in the Northwest and the Mediterranean regions. [15] The study revealed a prevalence of metabolic syndrome affected 68% of Central Europe, 60% of the Atlantic European Mainland, 52% of the Mediterranean regions and 50% of ...
Obesity has been found to contribute to approximately 55% of cases of type 2 diabetes; [10] chronic obesity leads to increased insulin resistance that can develop into type 2 diabetes, [11] most likely because adipose tissue (especially that in the abdomen around internal organs) is a source of several chemical signals, hormones and cytokines, to other tissues.
The term baby boom refers to a noticeable increase in the birth rate. The post-World War II population increase was described as a "boom" by various newspaper reporters, including Sylvia F. Porter in a column in the May 4, 1951, edition of the New York Post, based on the increase of 2,357,000 in the population of the U.S. from 1940 to 1950.
In the US, the average age at which women bore their first child advanced from 21.4 years old in 1970 [11] to 26.9 in 2018. [4]The German Federal Institute for Population Research claimed in 2015 the percentage for women with an age of at least 35 giving birth to a child was 25.9%.