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Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. ... In practice, surveyors first sample heights in an area, ...
Diffraction topography (short: "topography") is a imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction. Diffraction topographic images ("topographies") record the intensity profile of a beam of X-rays (or, sometimes, neutrons) diffracted by a crystal. A topography thus represents a two-dimensional spatial intensity mapping (image) of the X-rays ...
In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods.
The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface topography and composition of the sample. The electron beam is scanned in a raster scan pattern, and the position of the beam is combined with the intensity of the detected signal to produce an image.
This category refers to topography, a general term in geography. Although it can be used to describe the study of place or large-scale phenomena, it is more widely used to describe the general study and graphic representation of landforms , the three-dimensional aspect of the Earth 's (or other planets ') surface.
/Topographic maps (fr) Display relief, often used as comprehensive backgrounds for other maps: Backgrounds for maps of vegetation, agriculture, human settlements as topography may explain a lot with these. /Exchanges maps (fr) Display exchanges and transport lines: Roads, freeways, railroads, canals, sea roads, money flux, human flux, etc.
A topographic profile or topographic cut or elevation profile is a representation of the relief of the terrain that is obtained by cutting transversely the lines of a topographic map. Each contour line can be defined as a closed line joining relief points at equal height above sea level. [ 1 ]
The topography of almost all Earth has been sampled or scanned today so that DEMs are available at resolutions of 100 m or better at a global scale. Today, land surface parameters are successfully used for both stochastic and process-based modeling, the only remaining issue being the level of detail and vertical accuracy of the DEM.