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[8] [9] Brain-on-a-chip devices can span multiple levels of complexity in terms of cell culture methodology and can include brain parenchyma and/or blood-brain barrier tissues. [10] Devices have been made using platforms that range from traditional 2D cell culture to 3D tissues in the form of organotypic brain slices and more recently organoids.
Brain trauma or stroke can cause ischemia, in which blood flow is reduced to inadequate levels. Ischemia is followed by accumulation of glutamate and aspartate in the extracellular fluid , causing cell death, which is aggravated by lack of oxygen and glucose .
The choice of culture medium might affect the physiological relevance of findings from cell culture experiments due to the differences in the nutrient composition and concentrations. [38] A systematic bias in generated datasets was recently shown for CRISPR and RNAi gene silencing screens, [39] and for metabolic profiling of cancer cell lines. [38]
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is the blood supply to the brain in a given period of time. [8] In an adult, CBF is typically 750 millilitres per minute or 15.8 ± 5.7% of the cardiac output. [9] This equates to an average perfusion of 50 to 54 millilitres of blood per 100 grams of brain tissue per minute. [10] [11] [12]
Schematic overview of the classes of stresses in plants Neurohormonal response to stress. Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. [1] When stressed by stimuli that alter an organism's environment, multiple systems respond across the body. [2]
Cerebral autoregulation refers to the physiological mechanisms that maintain blood flow at an appropriate level during changes in blood pressure. However, due to the important influences of arterial carbon dioxide levels, cerebral metabolic rate, neural activation, activity of the sympathetic nervous system, posture, as well as other ...
The impairment of cell-mediated acquired immunity is also a factor resulting in the immune system due to chronic stress. [ 5 ] The R package pscore [ 17 ] provides functions for simplified and automated calculation and statistical evaluation of physiological components of the metabolic syndrome symptom score (MSSS) and allostatic load.
The essential character of these stress proteins in promoting the survival of cells has contributed to them being remarkably well conserved across phyla, with nearly identical stress proteins being expressed in the simplest prokaryotic cells as well as the most complex eukaryotic ones. [3] Stress proteins can exhibit widely varied functions ...