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Metal roofs are 100% recyclable and can be made from other recycled products. Asphalt shingles are petroleum based with other chemicals making their recycling process more toxic, most shingles are not recycled and 20 billion pounds (9.1 million tonnes) are sent to landfills every year and take hundreds of years to decompose.
Copper roofs have a high initial cost but very long lifetime: tests on European copper roofs from the 18th Century showed that, in theory, copper roofs can last one thousand years. [6] Another advantage of copper roofing systems is that they are relatively easy to repair. Standing-seam metal roof with concealed fasteners.
Copper roofing in rural atmospheres corrodes at rates of less than 0.4 mm (1 ⁄ 64 in) in 200 years. [27] Unlike most other metals, copper does not suffer from underside corrosion that can cause premature failures in roofing. With a copper roof, supporting substrates and structures usually fail long before the copper on the roof. [11]
Copper belfry of St. Laurentius church, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler Metals used for architectural purposes include lead, for water pipes, roofing, and windows; tin, formed into tinplate; zinc, copper and aluminium, in a range of applications including roofing and decoration; and iron, which has structural and other uses in the form of cast iron or wrought iron, or made into steel.
The history of construction traces the changes in building tools, methods, techniques and systems used in the field of construction. It explains the evolution of how humans created shelter and other structures that comprises the entire built environment.
In North America, copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans. Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600. [12] Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 AD; it proceeded at a much slower rate on other ...
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Peru has been considered the origin for early copper metallurgy in pre-Columbian America, but the copper mask from Argentina suggests that the Cajón del Maipo of the southern Andes was another important center for early copper workings in South America. [113] Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 ...