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Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
Most drugs and procedures have a multitude of reported adverse side effects; the information leaflets provided with virtually all drugs list possible side effects. Beneficial side effects are less common; some examples, in many cases of side-effects that ultimately gained regulatory approval as intended effects, are:
Psychiatric adverse drug reactions, amnesia. [3] [66] Triparanol: 1962 France, US Cataracts, alopecia, ichthyosis. [3] Troglitazone (Rezulin) 2000 US, Germany Hepatotoxicity [2] Trovafloxacin (Trovan) 1999–2001 European Union, US Withdrawn because of risk of liver failure [2] [3] Valdecoxib (Bextra) 2004 US Risk of heart attack and stroke. [2 ...
A paradoxical reaction (or paradoxical effect) is an effect of a chemical substance, such as a medical drug, that is opposite to what would usually be expected. An example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication .
Drug-drug and food-drug interactions may occur, and so-called "natural drugs" used in alternative medicine can have dangerous adverse effects. For example, extracts of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), a phytotherapic used for treating mild depression are known to cause an increase in the cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the ...
Consequently, the average human adult is exposed to many drugs over longer treatment periods throughout a lifetime. [4] This unprecedented rise in pharmaceutical use has led to an increasing number of observed adverse drug reactions. [4] There are two broad categories of adverse drug reactions. Type A reactions are known side effects of a drug ...
Adverse drug reaction. This could occur when a patient has an allergic response to a medication. [7] Inappropriate adherence. This could occur when a patient chooses not to or forgets to take a medication. [7] Needs additional drug therapy. This could occur when a patient needs more medication to treat their condition. [7]
These changes caused drugs made with tetrazole to be contaminated with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), which cause genetic damage and cancer. [20] This contamination was not detected until 2018. The incident, according to medicinal chemist and pharmaceutical industry blogger Dr. Derek Lowe, points to a greater ...