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For example, the reaction of HCl with ethylene furnishes chloroethane. The reaction proceeds with a cation intermediate, being different from the above halogen addition. An example is shown below: Proton (H +) adds (by working as an electrophile) to one of the carbon atoms on the alkene to form cation 1.
For example, electrophilic aromatic substitution involves a distinct intermediate and two less well defined states. By measuring the effects of aromatic substituents and applying Hammond's postulate it was concluded that the rate-determining step involves formation of a transition state that should resemble the intermediate complex.
For example, protonation of methanol gives an electrophilic methylating reagent that reacts by the S N 2 pathway: CH 3 OH + H + → [CH 3 OH 2] + Similarly, methyl iodide and methyl triflate are viewed as the equivalent of the methyl cation because they readily undergo S N 2 reactions by weak nucleophiles. The methyl cation has been detected in ...
The nitrenium is performs electrophilic ipso addition to the aromatic ring, forming an enonic lactam. [22] Hypervalent iodine compounds are predominantly used as oxidizing reagents, although they are specialized and expensive. In some cases they replace more toxic oxidants. [23]
The superelectrophilic anions exhibit special properties that together are very unusual and as a result allow the formation of stable noble gas bonds. These include the strong electrophilicity and structural stability of the anions, which have already been discussed in the Characteristics section. In addition, three further aspects were ...
Two common modes of Lewis acid catalysis in reactions with polar mechanisms. In reactions with polar mechanisms, Lewis acid catalysis often involves binding of the catalyst to Lewis basic heteroatoms and withdrawing electron density, which in turn facilitates heterolytic bond cleavage (in the case of Friedel-Crafts reaction) or directly activates the substrate toward nucleophilic attack (in ...
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Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. [1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.