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With perfect Ackermann, at any angle of steering, the centre point of all of the circles traced by all wheels will lie at a common point. Modern cars do not use pure Ackermann steering, partly because it ignores important dynamic and compliant effects, but the principle is sound for low-speed maneuvers.
The wheel and tire assembly attach to the hub or spindle of the knuckle where the tire/wheel rotates while being held in a stable plane of motion by the knuckle/suspension assembly. In the attached photograph of a double-wishbone suspension, the knuckle is shown attached to the upper control arm at the top and the lower control arm at the bottom.
The instant center for any wheel package can be found by following imaginary lines drawn through suspension links to their intersection point. A component of the tire's force vector points from the contact patch of the tire through instant center. The larger this component is, the less suspension motion will occur.
In this case the lateral forces at the tire do not act at the center of the contact patch, but at a point behind the center. This distance is called the pneumatic trail and varies with speed, load, steer angle, surface, tire type, tire pressure and time. A good starting point for this is 30 mm behind the center of the contact patch. [citation ...
The point where the steering axis line contacts the road is the fulcrum pivot point on which the tire is turned. Scrub radius is changed whenever there is a change in wheel offset. For example, when the wheels are pushed out from the body of the car the scrub radius becomes more positive.
A modern centerlock hub on a McLaren MP4/14 Formula One car. Most modern centerlock wheels are fastened to the hub by a single large hex nut. [7] A hollow, tapered shaft centers the wheel on the hub. Torque is transmitted by pins and matching holes at the hub-wheel interface.
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Wheel studs are the bolts that are on your mounting hub and are used along with lug nuts to attach the wheel to the car. The bolt hole circle is the circle that the center of each bolt aligns with. The second number in a bolt pattern is the diameter of this circle. [2] The bolt circle has the same center point as the mounting hub to ensure that ...