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A typical example of application is preparation of high-purity water for power engineering, electronic and nuclear industries; i.e. polymeric or inorganic insoluble ion exchangers are widely used for water softening, water purification, [2] [3] water decontamination, etc. Ion exchange is a method widely used in household filters to produce soft ...
The most common means for removing water hardness rely on ion-exchange resin or reverse osmosis. Other approaches include precipitation methods, such as fluidized bed pellet softening, [6] and sequestration by the addition of chelating agents. Distillation and reverse osmosis are the most widely used two non-chemical methods of water softening.
Ion-exchange resin beads. An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange, that is also known as an ionex. [1] It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.
Water softening is achieved by percolating hard water through a bed of the sodium form of cross-linked polystyrene sulfonate. The hard ions such as calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) adhere to the sulfonate groups, displacing sodium ions. The resulting solution of sodium ions is softened.
Ion exchange: [9] Ion-exchange systems use ion-exchange resin- or zeolite-packed columns to replace unwanted ions. The most common case is water softening consisting of removal of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions replacing them with benign (soap friendly) Na + or K + ions.
Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium. A dealkalizer contains strong base anion exchange resin that ...
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