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A proof of delivery (POD) is a document that substantiates that a carrier has satisfied its terms of a contract of carriage for cargo by confirmation of the recipient or consignee. [1] When the sender sends multiple documents through the mail , there is a possibility of some not reaching the intended recipient.
The first English court case which referred to c.i.f. was Tregelles v. Sewell (1862), [ 25 ] where the court established that under c.i.f. terms, risk passes to the buyer on shipment. [ 26 ] In the case of E. Clemens Horst Co. v. Biddell Brothers, the UK House of Lords ruled in 1911 that "the sellers in a c.i.f. contract were entitled to ...
A port operator is a port authority or company that contracts with the port authority to move cargo through a port at a contracted minimum level of productivity. They may be state-owned (particularly for port authorities) or privately run.
The term "free on board", or "f.o.b." was used historically in relation to the transfer of risk from seller to buyer as goods are shipped. [1] There appears to have been an assumption that property and risk would pass from the seller to the buyer at the same time.
The word "lading" means "loading", both words being derived from the Old English word hladan. [15] "Lading" specifically refers to the loading of cargo aboard a ship. [16] The Dutch word "lading" has exactly the same meaning (freight, cargo, an amount of transportable goods) as it has in the English "bill of lading", but is not restricted to ...
Polish Ocean Lines (PLO, Polish: Polskie Linie Oceaniczne) is a Polish commercial shipping company, with headquarters in Gdynia. The company was created in 1951 in a merger of three smaller shipping companies. Currently, PLO acts as a holding company for 12 other shipping companies. [1] [2]
Ports operating with a landlord business model are also more likely to adopt abatement measures. [2] Ports that specialize in servicing container shipping are more likely to adopt abatement measures as compared to ports handling bulk commodities. Experts posit that this is likely connected with the nature of container ship activities.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) states that "The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) is a comprehensive set of measures to enhance the security of ships and port facilities, developed in response to the perceived threats to ships and port facilities in the wake of the 9/11 attacks in the United States".