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The Sub-Himalayan tectonic plate is sometimes referred to as the Cis-Himalayan tectonic plate in the older literature. It forms the southern foothills of the Himalayan Range and is essentially composed of Miocene to Pleistocene molassic sediments derived from the erosion of the Himalaya.
Despite its greater size, the Himalayas does not form a water divide across its span because of the multiple river systems that cut across the range. While the mountains were formed gradually, the rivers concurrently cut across deeper gorges ranging from 1,500–5,000 m (4,900–16,400 ft) in depth and 10–50 km (6.2–31.1 mi) in width.
Indian rhinoceros in the Terai. Above the alluvial plain lies the Terai strip, a seasonally marshy zone of sand and clay soils. The Terai has higher rainfall than the plains, and the downward-rushing rivers of the Himalaya slow down and spread out in the flatter Terai zone, depositing fertile silt during the monsoon season and receding in the dry season.
Crustal thickening has an upward component of motion and often occurs when continental crust is thrust onto continental crust. Basically nappes (thrust sheets) from each plate collide and begin to stack one on top of the other; evidence of this process can be seen in preserved ophiolitic nappes (preserved in the Himalayas) and in rocks with an inverted metamorphic gradient.
These sedimentary rocks along with associated igneous rocks, now often metamorphosed, from a series of east–west slivers of rock through the mountain range. From south to north there are four main tectonic sub-units within the Himalaya: the sub-Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, Central Himalayan Domain and Indus Suture Zone. [26] [25]
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The Sub-Himalayan Sequence is thrust southwestward in the rate of 10±6 mm/yr along the Main Frontal thrust during the Quaternary. [15] Within the sequence, rocks have been thrust and accreted vastly, forming the Sub-Himalayan Thrust Zone in the southwest Himachal Pradesh (Fig. 3). The unit is bounded by the Krol thrust and Tons thrust on top. [13]
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