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These were known as "kennels" (i.e., canals, channels), and in Paris were sometimes known as “split streets”, as the waste water running along the middle physically split the streets into two halves. The first closed sewer constructed in Paris was designed by Hugues Aubird in 1370 on Rue Montmartre (Montmartre Street), and was 300 meters ...
As transregional trade networks expanded and intensified, cotton spread from its homeland to India and into the Middle East. One theory is that the qanat was developed to irrigate cotton fields, [16] first in what is now Iran, where it doubled the amount of available water for irrigation and urban use. [17]
NSAS covers a land area spanning just over 2 million km 2, including north-western Sudan, north-eastern Chad, south-eastern Libya, and most of Egypt. Containing an estimated 150,000 km 3 of groundwater , [ 2 ] the significance of the NSAS as a potential water resource for future development programs in these countries is large.
A new approach to water in the Middle East was introduced by Strategic Foresight Group, in a report co-sponsored by the Swiss and Swedish governments titled The Blue Peace: Rethinking Middle East Water [27] Blue Peace is defined as the comprehensive, integrated and collaborative management of all water resources in a circle of countries in a ...
Accounts differ, but the water quality generally seemed to be satisfactory. Water temperatures of Kashan’s famous Qanat of Chashmeh-i Soleiman amidst the July heat is typically around 25 degrees Celsius. Furthermore, ab anbars tend to further lower the temperature of the water due to the fascinating heat resistance properties of the ...
Spreading first through Italy, Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars, despite Hannibal's famous efforts against Rome in the Second Punic War. After the Third Punic War, Rome then became the leading force in the Mediterranean region. The Romans soon spread east, taking Greece, and spreading Latin knowledge and ideas throughout the place. By ...
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Calibrated carbon-14 dates for Çatalhöyük, as of 2013 [1]. Çatalhöyük (English: Chatalhoyuk / ˌ tʃ ɑː t ɑː l ˈ h uː j ʊ k / cha-tal-HOO-yuhk; Turkish pronunciation: [tʃaˈtaɫhœjyc]; also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük; from Turkish çatal "fork" + höyük "tumulus") is a tell (a mounded accretion due to long-term human settlement) of a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic ...